• Routing
• Sessions
• HTTP requests
• Error handling

At times writing code from scratch for above things can be time consuming. But by using express it’s only a matter of few methods. Express also helps in organizing your code. EXPRESS.JS is a light-weight Web framework for Node.js which means we can build web applications using JavaScript. Since it is light, one can do many things faster and with less lines of code, than a traditional Web application built using multiple technologies.

• Express supports MVC Architecture with little bit of work.
• One can build RESTful APIs faster.
• We can use many templating languages like Jade or EJS which reduce the amount of HTML code we have to write for a page.
• Has support for NoSQL databases out of the box.
• It provides convenient, basic web-server creation/routing tools, which so essential to bare-bones node,js
• It uses very flexible, modular middleware pattern, where special middleware modules used to process different requests.
• It is very friendly to functional programming and usage of Node.js core concepts – Event-emitters, Async flow and Streams.
• It requires almost nothing to create and run the easy testable web server

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Initially Cucumber was implemented in Ruby and then extended to Java framework. Both the tools support native JUnit. Cucumber can be used along with Selenium, Watir, and Capybara etc. It supports many languages like java, Perl, PHP, Python, .Net etc.

One can use it more in different project environments., as it is very easy to learn and implement. One should apply BDD framework to API automation.The inbuilt runner for cucumber is JUnit but we can also use testng with it. BDD is most promising framework in industry because it shows interactions between a BA and automation engineer.  Cucumber is more like using COBOL. Write the tests in a more conventional programming language, like Ruby, Java, PHP, Python, C#, Haskell, Go, whatever. And Cucumber is not a testing tool. It is a tool to help non-technical people understand tests. If programmers are going to test a RESTful API, then they will achieve more by using a familiar programming language to write those tests.

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About Backbone.js::-
– Backbone.js is a client-side MVC architecture. It is a design pattern where we separate the data from the way it is defined, manipulated and displayed. It allows you to structure your Javascript code in an MVC pattern.
– In the MVC platform, web application depends upon server for getting json data for the logic on how to display it. Here load on server is reduced and it helps in increasing the speed of the website.

-It’s easy to create small and slick web applications with frameworks like jQuery. When a project grows, however, the jQuery declarations and callbacks get more and more complex and are distributed all over the place. The code becomes more and more cluttered and hard to read.

-It provides an event-driven communication between views and models . One can attach event listeners to any attribute of a model, which gives you very nuanced control over what you change in the view.

-The BACKBONE.JS events build on top of regular DOM events, which makes the mechanism very versatile and extensible. With one line of code, for example, one can introduce a publish/subscribe pattern to backbone that ties all of your views together

-The models in Backbone.js   can be easily tied to a back-end. Out-of-the box the framework provides excellent support for Restful APIs in that models can map to a RESTful endpoint. If the API is designed correctly, backbone is already configured to access these directly for read, write, and delete operations.

-If a backend other than a RESTful API is used, backbone.js is still flexible enough to accommodate for that.

-Conventions are a great way to introduce a common coding style without the need of coming up with an extensive set of coding standards.  Backbone.js is particularly helpful to maintain a clean code base despite having multiple people collaborating on the code.

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A GraphQL request can be either a query (read operation) or a mutation (write operation). For both cases, the request is a simple string that a GraphQL service can interpret, execute, and resolve with data in a specified format. The popular response format that is usually used for mobile and web applications is the JavaScript Object Notation.

Why GraphQL?

• Single-round trip: All data is fetched in a single round-trip vs. multiple-round trips in REST. In our example above, for a REST client to get all products in each category, it would need to first fetch the store’s categories from one API endpoint, and then for each category fetch their products from another API endpoint.

• No over-fetching: A client has full control of fetching only data that it needs vs. in REST API, on the server-side we have to balance between minimizing multiple round-trips (‘n+1’ problem) and over-fetching; we can eliminate ‘n+1’ problem we described above if we make the API that returns store categories, also return all products, but another set of clients that just wants categories of a store will be over-fetching.

• One endpoint to access your data- Single API endpoint to server all data needs
• Retrieve only the data your client needs in a single request (flexibility)
• No need to tailor endpoints for your views
• No versioning

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Laravel as a framework has evolved a lot since new version. Also Laracasts  is one of the best software development screencasts Laravel comes with a lot of resources out of the box, it has a cool router, eloquent for model repositories, swiftmailer for the mailing, blade engine for your templates, a system to create your migrations (think about it as a way of creating your database tables inside your PHP code, which is nice), a cache component to cache everything you want, a monolog logger, etc. Future of Laravel is bright enough. Many more developers will switch over to Laravel in the coming future.

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